Fornia



Oct. 4, 1932. c. a. CLYNE 1,380,811 METHOD OF MAKING COLLECTINGELECTRODES FOR- ELEQTRICAL PRECIPITATORS Original Filed Dec. 11, 1926 2Shets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR. 620/ 5, Cyae.

BY MW/J v ATTORNE s.

Oct, 4, 1932. C. E. CLYNE 1;;880I8I1 METHOD OF MAKING COLLECTINGELECTRODES FOR ELECTRICAL PRECIPI-TATORS ori inal Filed Dec. 1;, 1926 2Sheets-Sheet 2 l I I II I I I i I I I I I I I I W/ m/ ATTORNE s.

I II I] .I ,1 II I' I. III I I I [I I I I I I {III I I I I II I I. I III: II II II I I" I' l l II I I' II I II' II I I I I I n I I II I I II I:i: I E II ii I! I -III I I: I! I {I Ii I; :I II :I I: I: :L. I 1| I I :I'I 'l' h, In I: I II II I I; I; II II I: I} I I I. I: I: I: .I IINVENTOR. III I: I I: I I I Ii 5: I- I,- I! I: I (ea/51(40):. I! II ,I uI I. ,I II II I! :I{\I II I I I; I I: II II II I, III-4 Mum 1| II U u uu b .I u I II L-Q'F 4, i

- Patented Oct- 1, 2

UNITED [STATES PATENT OFFICE onion. is. CLYNE, or Los ANGELES,CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR To INTERNATIONAL ran- GIPITATION COMPANY, OF LOSANGELES, CALIFORNIA, A CORPORATION OF CALI- FOBNIA METHOD OF MAKINGCOLLECTING ELECTRODES FOE ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATORS Original applicationfiled December 11, 1928, Serial No. 154,228. Divided and thisapplication filed Kay 8,

' 1930. Serial No. 450,861.

provide a simple and economical method of.

forming a collecting electrode of the plate type which combines goodelectrical properties with advantageous mechanical properties resultingfrom such method of forming, making it especially adapted for use inelectrical precipitation.

It has heretofore been proposed, in United States patent to F. H. Viets,No. 1,569,595,

to cast each collecting electrode as an integral slab or plate .ofconcrete or other electrically semi-conducting cementitious materialwith a metallic supporting member at one edge thereof (such edge beingthe top of the electrode when placed in position for use) and withmetallic reenforcing members connected to said. metallic supportingmember and extending perpendicularly thereto and embedded within thematerial of which the plate is formed so as to extend vertically whenthe plate is in position for use and serve as embedded conductors forthe electric current as well as reenforcing means. It has been found,however, that lates" constructed in this manner have a mar ed tendencyto warp or buckle when hot gases are passed in contact therewith, and asthese electrodes are usually of relatively large dimensions, forexample, 8 'to 12 feet in vertical length, such warping causes anappreciable lateral displacement between the top and bottom and theintermediate portion of the electrode. In certain cases thisdisplacement has been found to be as great as an inch or more and as thespacing between the collecting electrode and the adjacent dischargeelectrode members is usually about tier 4 inches, more or less, it isobvious that this lateral displacement of portionsof the collectingelectrode may often cause serious disturbances in the electrical field.Certain portions of the collooting electrode are brought much closer tothe discharge electrode members than other portions, so that theelectrical field is not uniform throughout all portions of thecollecting electrode surface and'there is a tendency to arcing ordisruptive discharge at the portions of the collecting electrode whichare displaced toward the discharge electrode members, particularlyin'case of accumulation of a deposit of precipitated material upon suchportions of the electrodes. This objection may be overcome by forciblycracking' the collecting electrode plates along a plurality of equallyspaced lines perpendicular to their length, but such cracking operation,after the plates are in position, is a tedious and costly process andunless it is carried out with the utmost care there is a possibility ofchipping ofi portions of the phi {es during such operation.

eliminate the disadvantages resulting from warping of collectingelectrodes formed of cementitious material and at the same timeeliminate the necessity of forcibly cracldng such electrodes after theyare installed.

ance with my invention comprises a plural ity of plate sections ofelectrically semi-conducting cementitious material formed with theiredges abutting closely against one another but unbonded, and'reenforcing means common to all of said sections and embedded or casttherein. Said reenforcing means advantageously comprise a plurality ofmetallic reenforcing members each extending through all .of the sectionsand perpendicular to the abutting edges thereof and embedded in thematerial of which such sections terial, in substantially horizontalposition in a common horizontal plane and spaced fromone another, aboutcommon metallic reenforcmg members disposed 1n said horizontal Thecollecting electrode made in-accordplane, so as to leave open spacesbetween such alternate sections permitting such sections to attain aninitial set such as to prevent firm bonding therewith of newcementitious material poured in contact therewith, then pouring theintervening sections in the open-spaces between the sections first castandalso about said reenforcing members, so

as to forma complete electrode late in substantially horizontal positiona owing said plate to set and'acquire suificlent strength to permit thesame to be raised to vertical position, and then lifting one end of saidplate 0 Fig. 4 is a plan view of the parts shown m Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 is Fig. 6 is'a similar view after all of the sections have beencast.

Fig. 7 is a front elevation of a completed collecting electrode in theposition in which it ismounted in an electrical precipitating I platesmay be placed on any suitable flat surend of t lshed electrode plate.

bers 2 and 3 may be bolted together as inapparatus.

ig. 8 ma section on line 8-8 in Fig. 7. The form for use in casting theelectrode ace, for example a concrete floor or plate Indicated at 1. Theform comprises side members 2 and end member 3 consisting, for exampleof metal angle bars. The other he form, is provided by a member 4consisting, for example, of a metal channel member which is adapted toform the suporting member at the u per end of the finide and endmemdicated at 6 and the end member 4 may also be bolted to side members2 as indicated at 7. I also prefer to provide metallic stifienin-members 8 conslstm for example, of meta angle bars, atthe si es of theelectrode plate. Suitable reenforcing means, such as a pluralit ofreenforcing bars or rods 9 of any suita le. cross-section, for example,twisted square rods are connected at one end to the channel member 4 asby-means of nuts 11' and are disposed longitudinally within the form atsuch height as to lie substantiall in the central plane of the completedp ate.

Said reenforcing rods terminate a short dis.-'

tance from the other end of the form as indicated at 12and the two rods.adjacent the sides of the form may have their ends bent outwardly so asto pass through angle bars .bers' 2 of t a section on line 55 in Fig. 1.

8 as indicated at13. A 14 are fitted over each 0 the two reenforcingrods adjacent the sides. of the form and pass through angle bars 8 and 2and may be provided at their outer ends with nuts 15.

At suitable intervals along the length of the form I providetransverseform members consisting,'for example, of flat metal strips 17 1 ing insubstantially vertical planes so as to arm end walls for the first setof alternate sections to be poured. For this purpose I preferablyprovide means for securely connecting said transverse form members tothe side members of the form and for permitting said transverse formmembers to be plurality of eye bolts removed from their positions afterthe first set of alternate sections have been cast. For

example, each of the members 17 may be se-v cured as'by rivets 18 to anangle bar 19, a

plurality of filler-plates 21 being referably placed between the member17 and angle bar 19 so as to leave spaces 22 between said filler platesand above the res ctivereenforcing 'rods 9. The horizontal aces 0f anlebars 19 are ada ted to rest upon .the si' e memlie form so as toinsure that the flat members 17 are disposed in substantially verticalplanes. Said angle bars preferably project somewhat beyond said-sidemembers and may be connected as by means of bolts 24 to spacing brackets26 riveted or other- Wise connected to said side members. The flatstrips 17 may b vertical notches 27 adapted t enforcing rods 9 when theransverse form members are placed in position. In order to prevent theconcrete or other material from passing through said notches a pluralityof closure members 28 may be pivotally mounted as at 29 and may beprovided with portions 31 adapted to be moved into position to close theopenings provided by said notches or into osition awa from said notchesas indicate in dotted l1nes at 28' in Fig. 3 so as to permit thetransverse form members to be removed without interference by rods 9.The closure members '28 may all be p1votall connected to an operatingbar 33 provide with handle 34 whereby all .of said members may be movedat one operation into either of the twoositionsab'ove mentioned.

The method of orming electrode plates in The parts are first assembledin the positions shown-in Figs. 1 to 4 inclusive, and the first set ofalternate sections are then poured.

With the arrangement shown the transverse form members 17 are disposedin pro er positions for castin section A betweent e supporting channeland the first of sad transverse members, and section C between the othertwo of said transverse members. 'The concrete or other cementitiousmaterial to be used in forming the late is mixed to the properconsistency an poured into these two rovided with. t over the retheapparatus above described is as' follows; I

- sections of the form and scraped off flush with the upper edges of theside members 2. The plate is then in the condition shown in Fig. 1.

The sections so formed are then allowed to obtain an initial set whichmay require varying periods, for example, from 8 to 24 hours, more orless, depending upon the material used. After these sections haveobtained such initial set, bolts 24 may be removed, closure members 28moved to posi-- tions such as 28 and the transverse form members maythen be lifted out of their positions so as to leave the spaces betweenthe sections first cast free for pouring the remaining sections asindicated in Fig. 5.

The remaining sections B and D are then cast in the same manner asbefore, so as to produce a sectional plate as shown in Fig. 6. It shouldbe noted that since sections A and C are permitted to assume an initialset before pouring sections B and D, the respective sets of sectionswill be unbonded to one another at their adjoining edges, as freshconcrete or similar cementitious material will not produce a firm bondwith the same kind of material after it has taken an initial set.

The entire plate is left in the form for a sufficient time to acquirethe strength necessary to permit it to be raised to vertical position.When such strength has been acquired the side and end form members 2 and3 are nuts 15. The plate may then be lifted to an upright or verticalposition, preferably by raising the end to which the supporting member 4is connected, in the manner indicated in dotted lines at 37 in Fig. 6.

The finished plate then has the appearance shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Thenuts 15 may be replaced on eye bolts 14 so as to hold the stiffeningangle bars 8 in. position by connecting them to the reenforcing bars 9at the respective sides of the plate. Such plates may be mounted andsupported in any suitable manner. The supporting member 4 advantageouslyprojects beyond the sides of the plate as indicated at 38 so as to restupon suitable supporting means, such as Z bars One advantage of theresulting collecting electrode is that the sections, while unbounded,are in close contact with one another at all points along their abuttingedges, so that the reenforcing rods 9 are well protected where they passfrom one section into the next. Thisprevents exposure of any portions ofsaid rods to the electric field and causes the desired layer ofsemi-conducting material to be interposed in all portions of such field.If any large cracks were left between the sections, a direct exposure ofthe rods 9 to the electric field would result, thus providing paths ofless resistance and cans- I have also shown in Figs. 7 and 8 therelative position of the discharge electrode I means with respect to thecollecting electrode means in an electrical precipitator, in order tomore clearly explain the advantages of my invention. Such dischargeelectrode means comprise a plurality of vertical wires or fine rods 41mounted on suitable supporting members 42 and provided at their lowerends with tensioning weights 48. Said discharge electrode means are, asshown in Fig. 8, disposed at a suitable distance from the face of thecollecting electrodemeans, so as to set up an electrical field betweensaid electrode means upon application of a high potential differencethereto. It is highly desirable that the spacing of'the dischargeelectrode means from the collecting electrode be as nearly uniformthroughout the electrical field as is possible in order to maintainuniform conditiohsof ionization and hence of precipitation. I haveindicated in dotted lines at 45. in Fig. 8 an exaggerated position ofthe several sections of the collecting electrodecaused by warpingthereof, and I have also indicated in dotted lines at 46 the positionwhich would be occupied by the collecting electrode in casev of an evenless degree of Warping if the plate consisted of a single integral slab.It is obvious that the nonuniformity of the electrical field will bemuch greater in the latter case than in the former, due to the muchgreater proximity of the central portion of the collecting electrode tothe discharge electrodes.

The cementitious material used in forming.

electrode plates as above described may consist of Portland cementconcrete or other con.- crete, or any suitable cement or plastercomposition, containing any desired added material such asasbestos orother fibrous material, carbon or other electrically conductingmaterial, or the like, or in general may consist of any electricallysemi-conducting cementitious material.

The breaking of the plate along the lines between adjacent sections, inorder to produce the result shown at 45 inFig. 8, may occur of its ownaccord due to the warping action or it may be accomplished forcibly ifdesired, either before or after the plates are mounted in theprecipitator, but in any event only a relatively small force will berequired to effect such breaking as compared to that required to breakan integrally cast plate.

I claim:

The method of making a collecting electrade for electrical precipitatorswhich comprises first casting a plurality of plate sections ofcementitious material in substantially horizontal position in a commonhorizontal plane, about common reenforcing means and spaced apartlongitudinally of said reenforcing means, allowin such sections toacquire an initial set suc as toprevent bonding therewith of freshcementitious material, then casting additional plate sections ofcementitious material about the portions of said reenforcing meansbetween said first-named sections and abutting the edges of saidfirst-named sections, so as to form a substantially continuousreenforced plate of cementitious material, allowin said material to set,and then raising one en of said plate upwardly to move the same bodilyto vertical position. i

In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name this 26th day ofA ril 1930. CECIL B. C YNE.

